Soil hydrology in the Earth system

Soil hydrological processes (SHP) support ecosystems, modulate the impact of climate change on terrestrial systems and control feedback mechanisms between water, energy biogeochemical cycles. However, land-use changes extreme events are increasingly impacting these processes. In this Review, we describe SHP across scales examine their links with soil properties, ecosystem climate. structure influences such as infiltration, water redistribution root uptake small scales. On local scales, driven by uptake, vegetation groundwater dynamics. Regionally, impacted droughts, floods, heatwaves change; however, antecedent current partially determine broader effects events. Emerging technologies wireless automated sensing, moisture observation through novel synthetic aperture radars satellites, big data analysis machine learning approaches offer unique opportunities to advance hydrology. These advances, in tandem inclusion more key types properties models, will be pivotal predicting role during global change. hydrology impacts functioning is being altered anthropogenic activities. This Review discusses drivers processes, feedbacks within Earth emerging tools illuminating linkages.